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The calendar now in general worldwide use had its origins in the desire for a solar calendar that kept in step with the seasons and possessed fixed rules of intercalation. Because it was developed in Western Christendom, it had also to provide a method for dating movable religious feasts, the timing of wich had been based on a lunnar reckoning. To reconcile the lunar and solar schemes, features of the Roman republican calendar and the Egyptian calendar were combined.
The Roman republican calendar was basically a lunar reckoning and became increasingly out of phase with the seasons as time passed. By about 50 bc the vernal equinox that should have fallen late in March fell on the Ides of May, some eight weeks later, and it was plain that this error would continue to increase. ... it was clear that the average Roman republican year of 366.25 days would always show a continually increasing disparity with the seasons, amounting to one month every 30 years, or three months a century.
In the mid-1st century bc Julius Caesar invited Sosigenes, an Alexandrian astronomer, to advise him about the reform of the calendar, ... ... it was decided that the year known as 46 bc in modern times ... making a year of no less than 445 days and causing the beginning of March 45 bc in the Roman republican calendar to fall on what is still called January 1 of the Julian Calendar... ... Here Sosigenes' suggestions about a tropical year was adopted and any pretense to a lunar calendar was rejected. The figure 365.25 days was accepted for the tropical year, and to achieve this by simple civil reckoning, Caesar directed that a calendar year of 365 days be adopted and that an extra day be intercalated between February 23 and 24 every forth year. Since february ordinarily had 28 days, February 23 was the sith day before the Kalendae, or beginning of March, and was known as the sexto-kalendae: the intercallary day, when it appeared, came the day after and was therefore called the bis-sexto-kalendae....
The Julian calendar calculated a year as 365.25 days. This was later recalculated as 365.2422. the 0.0078 difference ammounts to 3.12 days every 400 years.
The Gregorian calendar was established in 1582. The reform dropped 9 days from the calendar: after October 5 1582 followed October 15. The calendar was accepted by the catholics immediately and slowly by the others. The british and americans dropped 10 days and September 2 1752 was followed by September 13. The extra day came from the julian calendar considering the year 1700 a leap year. The others followed in a confused pattern, for example Alaska adopted the calendar in 1867.
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